The Hepatitis B Virus and Vaccination Essay -- Exploratory Essays Rese

The Hepatitis B Virus and Vaccination    The hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a long history of being shrouded in mystery concerning its cause and transmission and the treatment of its resulting symptoms and diseases. As more was learned about the virus in the first half of this century, it came to be identified largely with homosexuals and intravenous drug users. Due to its prevalence among such already marginalized members of society, hepatitis B was viewed as a highly stigmatized disease and further research concerning HBV was not a top priority in the United States. However, these sentiments have changed somewhat in the past several decades, due in part to the spread of HBV to a wider, non-stigmatized, segment of society. By studying more patients and devoting more research energy to HBV, the biology of the virus is more clearly understood. This increased biological knowledge provided for the development of a vaccine against hepatitis B. With the advent of a vaccine, hepatitis B has lost much of its stigmatization and, as a known and in many cases preventable disease, is now viewed much more favorably by the medical community. Controversy concerning HBV remains in the form of debate about the effectiveness, safety, and necessity of the vaccination, and this debate is better understood through an understanding of the history of HBV, development of the vaccination, and views towards both through time. The development of the HBV vaccine has followed a fairly straightforward and logical path. It is believed that HBV has been present in human populations for thousands of years, based primarily on descriptions of common hepatitis B symptoms in ancient texts (Blumberg, p. 402). However, since many of the mild symptoms of HBV are sha... ...cine is Life-Saving" [Online]Available: http://www.hepnet.com/hepb/news012599.html [February 26, 1999]. Blumberg, Baruch. (1988) "Hepatitis B Virus and the Carrier Problem" in Social Research , vol. 55, no. 3; pp. 401-412. Lee, Samuel, M.D. (1997) "Hepatitis Vaccination: Questions and Answers" [Online]Available: http://www.hepnet.com/update11.html [February 26, 1999]. Muraskin, William. (1995) The War Against Hepatitis B . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:University of Pennsylvania Press. Murray, Rosenthal, Kobayashi, and Pfaller. (1998) Medical Microbiology, 3rd Edition .St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Publishing Co. pp. 526-532. Schumacher, Karin (Webmaster). (1999) "Hepatitis B Vaccine Reaction Reports Outnumber Reported Disease Cases in Children According to Vaccine Safety Group" [Online] Available: http://www.909shot.com/hepatitisb.htm [February 26, 1999].

Asessment of children, toddler, pre-school using Gorden’s functional health pattern assessment Essay

Toddlers may come to know that being sick means feeling bad or having to stay in bed, but they have little, if any, understanding of the meaning of health. They depend on their parents for health management. A normal assessment finding for the toddler is being current on their immunizations. Because their immune system is still maturing, a normal assessment finding would be frequent minor upper respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Their passive immunity to communicable diseases acquired from breast milk has disappeared and active immunity through the initial immunization series is usually completed by 18 months. An abnormal assessment finding is not having been immunized or being behind in their scheduled immunizations. A potential problem for the toddler can occur when their parents don’t model healthy behaviors such as eating a balanced diet. The toddler may end up having nutritional deficiencies or become overweight. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern Toddlers are usually weaned from the breast or bottle before or during toddlerhood. A potential problem with that can be inadequate iron intake since regular cow’s milk is low in iron and can interfere with iron absorption from other food sources. A normal assessment finding in toddlers is a decrease in growth rate and appetite and can becoming picky eaters. A potential problem is nutritional deficiency if the parents offer empty calories from unhealthy snacks just to get them to eat something. Pattern of Elimination A normal assessment finding for the toddler is increased development of voluntary control over their bladder and urinating less frequently. Their average urine volume for the day will be between 500-750 ml. Their emotional and physical readiness for toilet training rarely develops before 18 months of age. A potential problem is frustration for both the parents and toddler if toilet training is attempted before the child is ready. The toddler’s gastrointestinal tract reaches functional maturity and most will develop sufficient voluntary control of the internal and external anal sphincters for bowel control. This usually happens before urinary control. Pattern of Activity and Exercise Toddlers are increasingly becoming more mobile and are able to coordinate their large muscle groups better. The toddler generally does not show complete dominance of one-sided body function and may still switch hands when eating or throwing a ball. They are always busy and will advance from taking their first step to running, climbing stairs, and pedaling a tricycle. Because of their exploratory nature and limited skills they are vulnerable to injury. They will want to play with other children in parallel play. A potential problem is the over use of television to entertain the child. Recent research demonstrates that for every hour they watch television they know 6 to 8 fewer words than toddlers who didn’t. Pattern of Sleep and Rest The toddler’s need for sleep is 12 hours a day which includes 1 or 2 naps. They need to have a bedtime ritual to help them sleep. A potential problem with the active toddler is that they may not be aware of their fatigue and become overtired and unable to relax enough to sleep. The toddler may suffer from night terrors where they don’t awaken completely for several minutes and look terrified. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern The toddler’s receptive language skills outweigh their expressive language ability and they often use gestures until they can find the right words to express themselves. They may become frustrated and will default to using â€Å"no† to gain control and express themselves. The toddler’s play can be repetitive and ritualistic. That is how they learn skills and decrease anxiety. A potential problem with the toddler’s endless energy and curiosity is frustration of the parents or caregiver which may lead to child abuse. Hearing loss is one of the most common conditions at birth and if not detected speech, language, cognitive, and emotional development can be impeded. Self-Perception-Self-Concept Pattern The toddler is ready to develop a sense of self separate from parents. They are delighted in their emerging independence and achievements. Their task of exerting autonomy means they have to give up their dependence on others that was enjoyed in infancy. If they continue to be dependent, they may get a sense of doubt about their ability to take control of their actions. To develop a sense of autonomy they must explore the physical world and the interpersonal aspects of relationships. A potential problem is their safety as they investigate their environment and they are susceptible to accidents. Temper tantrums are a response to frustration when the toddler’s need for autonomy conflicts with parental expectations, safety limits, or the rights of other people. This can result in child abuse from the parent who is not equipped to deal with it. Roles-Relationships Patterns The toddler understands his parents and siblings’ roles in terms of how their roles relate to him. Their most important relationships are their family. The desire to be like or have what a sibling does can lead to sibling rivalry. If a new baby comes along and gets too much attention and becomes a nuisance, they may revert to infantile behaviors such as wanting to be fed or dressed and losing their toilet skills. The toddler’s behavior can be trying for the parents and abuse can occur. Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern The toilet training process may precipitate curiosity about the genital area. The parents might name the parts a cute name rather than the correct anatomical terms. This can create problems of learning about sexuality and communicating effectively if sexually abused. Coping-Stress Tolerance Pattern Temperament is the style of behaviors that a child uses to cope with demands and expectations of the environment. The three common temperament patterns are the easy child, the difficult child, and the slow to warm up child. The difficult child is less adaptable, more intense and active, and has more negative attitudes which can be distressing and frustrating to parents and caregivers and make them feel inadequate in their roles because they don’t know how to deal with them. Toddlers often imitate their parent’s methods of dealing with stress. This can be a problem if the behavior modeled is inappropriate and counter-productive. Values-Beliefs Pattern Toddlers believe rules are absolute and behave out of fear of punishment. Most of their developing values and beliefs depend on their interactions with their parents. Parents often attend to the toddler only when they are misbehaving and leaving them alone when they are good. This is a potential problem because the toddler’s negative behavior is reinforced because they only get attention when misbehaving. Preschooler Pattern of Health Perception and Health Promotion By age 4 or 5 the preschooler begins to understand that they play a role in their own health. They may become upset over minor injuries and they may view pain or illness as a punishment. They contribute to their own health management by brushing their teeth, taking medication, and wearing appropriate clothes for the weather. Since the immune system is not fully developed they will continue get contagious illnesses. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern A normal assessment finding for the preschooler’s food consumption is that about half of their diet consists of carbohydrates and the other half consists of protein 5% and fat 30-40%. They will develop food preferences because of their increased ability to react to the taste and textures of food and their realization that expressing an opinion about food is a way to have control. If offered too many sweets and processed foods along with little physical activity it can lead to obesity and diabetes. Conflict can arise when the preschooler and families have extreme differences over food preferences. Pain from dental caries, infection, and poorly cared for teeth affects the appetite and chewing ability that impacts their nutritional status. Children from low income households are mostly affected. The prevalence of food allergies in children that develop before the age of two in the United States is increasing. Elimination Pattern Older preschoolers are capable of and responsible for independent toileting. By the end of preschool their daily urine amounts total from 650 to 1000 ml. Children achieve full voluntary bowel control. Acquired lactose deficiency often appears and is more common in Black, Asian American, and Native American children. Activity-Exercise Pattern Play continues to be the primary activity for preschoolers and they demonstrate increased coordination and confidence with motor activities. They play simple interactive games and dress themselves. The preschooler can regulate body activity better than toddlers. Many preschoolers spend a lot of time watching television. Sometimes parents may use the television to entertain the child and a significant amount of the shows focus on adult themes and violence. Many experts agree that television disengages the child’s mind and supports less learning. Watching too much television can mean missed opportunities for interacting with other children. Sleep-Rest Pattern Most preschoolers sleep from 8 to 12 hours a night and for older children a nap may not be needed. They usually need a bedtime ritual to move from playing and being with others to being alone and falling asleep. They prolong bedtime routines more often than the toddler. They challenge the parents with their resistance to bedtime and learn to use behaviors that meet their needs and control the family and cause disruption. The preschooler can experience night terrors and nightmares. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern Many children are starting formalized education during their preschool years. Their facility with language resembles that of an adult. The preschooler’s vision continues to undergo refinement and by age 6 the child should approach 20/20 visual acuity level. Depth perception and color vision become fully established. The child may develop myopic vision which will require glasses. Hearing develops to the level of an adult’s. The hearing ability can be hindered by recurrent ear infections and may cause language delays. Pattern of Self-Perception and Self-Concept The preschooler is developing a mastery of self as an independent person, with a willingness to extend experiences beyond those of the family. Social acceptance helps them feel successful in their role as a child, sibling, and friend. They investigate roles through imagination. When they perceive their value in the world they demonstrate improved mental and physical health. Preschoolers remain sensitive to criticism and when ridiculed for ideas or behavior they may develop feelings of guilt and inadequacy. Role-Relationship Pattern They use play to explore while experimenting with who they are, who they might become, and how they relate to others socially. The drama of play allows them to view themselves from another perspective. Peers are becoming more significant. Ideas about gender differences in work roles and other activities are based on models in the home, at child care or preschool centers, and on television. Preschoolers use play to experiment with new roles and to understand others’ roles better. Younger children may admire and imitate an older sibling which can be a source of irritation and frustration for them. Divorce commonly creates disruption in the family and may cause regression, confusion, and irritability in the preschooler. Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern Preschoolers know that there are two genders and identify with their own gender. They see representations of both genders in role models and on television to interpret and they can define their own roles. They are curious about the bodies and sexual function of others. When they are teased about this interest or it is implied that sexual information is unacceptable or naughty it will promote negative self-esteem. Being a victim of sexual abuse will cause many emotional problems. Pattern of Coping and Stress Tolerance Play is an important strategy for the preschooler to use to reduce stress. They are able to verbalize their frustration and show more patience in dealing with difficulties. They also use the coping mechanisms of separation anxiety, regression, fantasy, denial, repression, and projection. Sometimes projection can lead a parent to consider the child as dishonest when they blame somebody or something else for something they did. Temper tantrums normally disappear as a response to stress in the older preschooler. Temper tantrums that persist through the fifth year indicate a lack of matured coping responses. Pattern of Value and Beliefs Preschoolers lack fully developed consciences. At the age of 4 or 5 years old they do demonstrate some internal control of their actions. Preschoolers control their behavior to retain their parent’s love and approval. Moral actions are demonstrated in simple activities such as standing in line. Life and death fascinates the preschooler. Because of their limited emotional experience with death they may become upset with the idea of dying, assuming that when someone becomes angry and wishes them dead that they will cease to exist. Children who lose a loved one can have sleep disturbances and other behavioral changes as part of the grieving process. School-Aged Child Pattern of Health Perception and Health Management Most children are relatively health during this time. They learn to accept personal responsibility and participate in self-care such as personal hygiene, nutrition, physical activity, sleep, and safety. Due to a child’s cultural obligation to obey authority figures, children can become passive health care consumers, asking few questions, doing as they are told, and perpetuating poor choices. Some school-aged children may choose unhealthy behaviors such as smoking or illicit drugs. Leukemia is the most common form of childhood cancer. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern School-age children often eat foods low in iron, calcium, and vitamin C, and foods that have higher fat and sodium content than their parents did at their age. There is a discrepancy between current dietary intake and recommended dietary intake of these children placing them at risk for poor nutritional habits, iron deficiency, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. A child’s nutritional pattern usually reflects their family patterns. This could be a problem when a child doesn’t want to eat breakfast because their parents don’t. Pattern of Elimination Most children will have full bowel and bladder control by age 5. Their elimination patterns are similar to an adult’s, urinating 6 to 8 times a day and 1 or 2 bowel movements a day. Children with primary enuresis have never achieved bladder control. Some may have nocturnal enuresis. This can cause disruption in the family and self-esteem issues and have profound effects socially, emotionally, and behaviorally. Children with encopresis face similar issues. Pattern of Activity and Exercise The school-age child is generally naturally active. Those children who don’t live in a safe neighborhood or don’t have a parent who exercises are less likely to exercise themselves. The school aged child has the potential to perform more complex fine motor and gross motor functions. Physically active boys are slightly stronger than girls. Many children get their exercise through group activities and organized sports. Concerns exist that children have had too much physical and psychological pressure to perform in sports. Children can also get injured from playing in sports. Pattern of Sleep and Rest Most school-age children have no problems with sleeping and their requirements of sleep are similar to an adult’s. They sleep 8 to 12 hours a night without naps during the day. The most common sleep problems are night terrors, sleepwalking, sleep talking, and enuresis. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern The school-aged child’s vision should reach optimal function by age 6 or 7 years of age. Peripheral vision and the ability to discriminate fine color distinctions should be fully developed. They should have a visual acuity in each eye of at least 20/30. Many children need glasses to prevent academic difficulties, headaches and dizziness when reading or doing close work. Many children may have myopia or astigmatism. The child’s hearing ability is nearly complete by the age of 7 years. Chronic serous otitis media is the common cause of hearing deficits. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood. Pattern of Self-Perception and Self-Concept The school-age child’s concept of the body and its functions is changing. Changes or differences in their body may frighten the school-age child if they don’t understand their normal developmental process. Physical differences can provoke ridicule and isolation. Children with chronic illness worry that their peer relationships will suffer if they know about their illness. Role-Relationship Pattern Parents and caregivers serve as authority figures that establish rules needed for the functioning of the family and the safety of the child. The school-aged child’s increasing independence and responsibility begin to reduce the amount of parental authority and structure needed. They prioritize school and peer group relationships. They broaden their interests outside the home. Some may become involved in gangs or behavior that is stressful for both them and their family. Relationships between children and adults are not always positive and sexual abuse has become a more common but hidden problem. Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern The child enters the school-age years identifying with the parent of the same sex and continues to learn the concepts and behavior of the gender role. This is a significant challenge, especially for homosexual children. Stereotypes continue to influence the child’s ideas of male and female roles. When physical changes of puberty have begun, concern and curiosity about sexual issues grow. A lot of parents are uncomfortable or unsure of what sexual information to give to their children. Pattern of Coping and Stress Tolerance A threat to the child’s security causes feelings of helplessness and anxiety that may affect their ability to function successfully. Grief over the death of a loved one, divorce, or loss of acceptance from a peer group may cause behavior problems. The family environment provides a sense of security that allows the school-age child to cope with stress. In uncontrollable situations children may become depressed or somaticize. Pattern of Value and Beliefs Cultural, religious, and parental values influence a child’s moral development, concept of right and wrong, and consequences of not demonstrating moral behavior. Some moral behavior problems are common during school-age years such as lying, stealing, or cheating. These actions can be very upsetting for the parents. Compare and contrast identified similarities as well as differences in expected assessment across the childhood age groups. Mostly similarities were found within all three age groups for the Gordon’s Functional Health Pattern Assessment categories. All of them looked to their parents as role models and for guidance in every category and could either be positively or negatively influenced by them. By example from their parents or by what they are offered to eat from them, they could either learn to be healthy eaters or end up with nutritional deficiencies, obese, or have health problems. All three age groups learn from their parents how to cope with stress and look to them for comfort. They are all affected by their parents and their culture. The three age groups are each exploring themselves regarding their roles and relationships in life and their sexuality. They are all susceptible to the negative influences of the television. They all need a structured bedtime and adequate sleep. All of them showed an increased desire for and sense of independence. As they each grow older they are able to express themselves and communicate better. The biggest difference was that the toddler and preschooler get more contagious illnesses than the school-age child. Summarize how a nurse would handle physical assessments, examinations, education, and communication differently with children versus adults. Consider spirituality and cultural differences in your answer To assess a child’s growth, the nurse uses the CDC growth chart to compare the child’s weight to national averages of which there are ethnic differences. The assessment and examination of the child is different than that of an adult. The head to toe sequence for adults is varied in children according to their response and developmental level. The nurse uses play techniques and the child is allowed to play with the instruments. The child may need to sit on the parent’s lap during the exam. Education and communication is different towards children. The child’s health perception and management is greatly influenced by the parent and their culture so the nurse has to work in partnership with the parent. Most of the history is obtained from the parent although an older child may be able to provide some of their own history. Because the child may not be able to say what hurts or articulate their fears and needs, the nurse needs to be able to interpret behaviors and reactions and be intuitive and reassuring to both the child and parents. The nurse needs to identify and overcome any barriers to understanding the child and parents whether because of language, culture, or stage of development (Nursing and Midwife Council [NMC], 2008). Reference Nursing and Midwife Council (2008). Advice for nurses working with children and young people. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from www. nmc-uk. org/nurses-and-midwives/advice-by-topic/a/advice/advice-on-working-with-children-and-young-people/

The Death Penalty Is Wrong Essay - 1140 Words

The death penalty, properly known as capital punishment, has always been a controversial topic. People of the United States often find themselves in heated discussions over whether or not the death penalty is right. Some would argue the death penalty is right for a small percentage of certain crimes. Although the death penalty can be used as a tool of justice, I still think the death penalty is wrong because it goes against many American beliefs. To begin with, the death penalty violates the United States’ Constitution. Under the U.S. Constitution amend. VIII, section I, cruel and unusual punishment is prohibited. For a proper and painless execution, the states use a substance known as barbiturate sodium thiopental. The thiopental serves as an anesthetic and causes the patient to become unconscious. What many people are unaware of is that thiopental is a controlled substance and can be very hard to obtain, even for an execution. In order to avoid the trouble of obtaining thiop ental, states began to look to alternative drugs, but not all of the drugs had the same anesthetic effect as thiopental. Two drugs specifically, midazolam and hydro-morphone, were tested in Ohio on a prisoner named Dennis McGuire. Not only did this execution take twenty-six minutes, but McGuire was also seen with his fists clenched and choking for ten minutes. No words, other than cruel, can accurately describe McGuire’s execution. As well as cruel, unusual accurately describes the death penalty.Show MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Is Wrong1321 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty is a controversial issue in Texas. People support it because they are unaware of the unknown facts. People believe that the death penalty guarantees criminals being punished and justice being made. However, there are innocent people who have died because of the hateful vengeance by the prosecutor seeks. There are many reasons as to why the death penalty is wrong. There are many ways of killing the d efendant after they have been sentenced to the death penalty, some of these includeRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Wrong847 Words   |  4 PagesMany call the death penalty inhumane, and a large number of countries no longer execute criminals. However, the U.S. has kept capital punishment because it deters criminals from committing murders that place them in the position of the death penalty. However, the death penalty is wrong. No one deserves to have their life taken away by another human, even if they are guilty of murder. Death penalties are first recorded in the eighteenth century B.C.E. In the eleventh century C.E., William â€Å"the Conqueror†Read MoreThe Death Penalty Is Wrong !2056 Words   |  9 PagesThe Death Penalty is wrong!! Imagine Sierrah coming to court and hearing the judge say she is sentence to die. Imagine waking up every day in a cell waiting to die. There are no contact visits and she is in a cell 23 hours of the day by herself. 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There is nothing crueler than killing a person. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A perfect example of the death penaltyRead MoreDeath Penalty; Right or Wrong?2185 Words   |  9 PagesThe death penalty has been an issue that has continually caused tension in today’s society. The main discussion over this is whether or not the death penalty serves as a valid and justified form of punishment. We have reached the point where if the topic is brought up, extremists on both sides immediately begin to argue the matter. One side says increase in crime rate, the other says failure to discourage crime; one says failure to rehabilitate, the other says it saves lives; one says justice and

Financial Analysis Cpix - 1025 Words

Cumberland Pharmaceuticals (CPIX) Company Overview A specialty pharmaceutical company that acquires, develops, and commercializes branded prescription products. Cumberland strives to improve quality of patient care and address unmet medical needs. With a focus on underserved niche markets, including hospital acute care and gastroenterology, Cumberland Pharmaceutical delivers products that serve patients in the U.S. Market and also makes its products available to patients internationally through select strategic partnerships. The product portfolio includes Acetadote ® (acetylcysteine) Injection for the treatment of acetaminophen poisoning, Caldolor ® (ibuprofen) Injection, the first injectable treatment for pain and fever approved†¦show more content†¦This analysis compares Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Incorporation with three other companies: Cadence Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (2012 sales of $50.18 million), Durect Corporation ($53.07 million) and Merrimack Pharmaceuticals Inc ($48.92 million). Sales Analysis Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Incorporation reported sales of $48.85 million for the year ending December of 2012. This represents a decrease of 4.5% versus 2011, when the companys sales were $51.14 million. While the companys sales decreased slightly in 2012, all three comparable companies experienced an increase in sales (between 43.0% and 200.6%). Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Incorporation currently has 106 employees. With sales of $48.85 million , this equates to sales of US$460,861 per employee. The sales per employee levels at the three comparable companies vary greatly, from US$212,700 to US$520,294 as shown in the table below. Sales Comparisons (Fiscal Year ending 2012) |Company |Sales |Sales Growth |Sales per Emp(US$) | | | |(millions) | | | | |Cumberland Pharmaceutical |48.85 |-4.50% |460,861 | | |CadenceShow MoreRelatedMonopolistic Competition2932 Words   |  12 Pagesproduct and the later exists in some cases like where; 1. there are patent rights conferred upon a single firm for a product, 2. there is a limited strategic resource, 3. economies of scale are required in order to be profitable or 4. extensive financial resources or expertise is required to enter a market. (MANCOSA, Economics Study Guide, 2010) The impact of monopolistic competition upon the chocolate industry in South Africa is that; there may be flooding of companies into the market and theRead MoreFeasibility Study Guidelines4919 Words   |  20 PagesContents 1. THE NEEDS ANALYSIS 3 Part 1: Demonstrate that the project aligns with the institution’s strategic objectives 3 Part 2: Identify and analyse the available budget(s) 3 Part 3: Demonstrate the institution’s commitment and capacity 4 Part 4: Specify the outputs 4 Part 5: Define the scope of the project 5 2. THE OPTIONS ANALYSIS 5 3. PROJECT DUE DILIGENCE 7 4. FINANCIAL ASSESSMENT 8 Part 1: Construct the project cost model 8 5. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 14 6. DEMONSTRATE AFFORDABILITYRead MoreGlobalization and its effect on the South African economy and the JSE securities exchange9415 Words   |  38 Pageshas had on South Africa in general. Then the essay will analyse the effect it has had on South African monetary policy. Further to that it will then analyse the challenges that globalization poses to South Africa. Then there will be more specific analysis on the impact of globalization on the JSE securities exchange. This section will seek to discuss the characteristics of an efficient securities exchange. Comparing the JSE to this will make it possible to determine the effect that globalization has

Use Of Setting And Symbolism Of The Works Of Charlotte...

[L]iterature is an art, and . . . as an art it is able to enlarge and refine our understanding of life† (Elkins para2). Reading literature teaches us about the world and a host of other human experiences. Literature allows us to look at the world from a different perspective because it takes us beyond our limited experience of life. After thousands of years we continue to tell stories because of the impact they have on individuals. It deepens our understanding of our history, our society, and our own individual lives. Also it increases our comprehension of life and stirs us intellectually and emotionally. Literature is tremendously powerful because we can obtain a vast amount of knowledge about the past and the future. As I reflect on what I have read this term regarding gender relationships, marriage, grief, loss, death, were two literature assignments that immediately came to mind. The works of Charlotte Perkins-Gilman and Robert Frost that we’ve read in class use setting and symbolism to help readers to develop a greater understanding of the nature of relationships develop a greater understanding of the nature of relationships between two people. Gilman, Frost, and Edson use setting to demonstrate the strain that can exist between people in times of conflict. In Gilman s short story The Yellow Wallpaper the relationship between a man and a women displayed distressed. Gilman s use of setting allows the reader to demonstrate how women were meant to be seen, not

The Cyber security

Question: Analysis of Cybersecurity Capabilities ? Answer: Introduction Cyber security consists of the technologies, policies and procedures that are designed for protecting the public and private networks and their data from external attacks and unauthorized access (Wang and Lu 2013). Cyber security is basically the security for the computers. It provides security to the computer from external theft and damage. In addition to this it provides safety of the hardware as well as the software components of the computer. In addition to this, it also provides safety from external network access and malicious code injections. It also controls the physical access to the machines. The cyber security issues are growing day by day with the increase of the with the growth of the number of computer systems and over dependence on these computer system. The report consists of description of different types of cyber security tools and a brief analysis about them. The report contains an analysis of two the different tools in different categories such as, Network Intrusion Detection System (Liao et al. 2013), Host Intrusion detection System, Web Application Firewall (Razzaq et al. 2013), Honeypot (Holeczer et al. 2015), Security Information and Event Management, and Network Vulnerability Scanner. In addition to this, the report also contains a brief analysis of the existing threat models. Cyber security Threat Models and Risk Management Standard The threat model is very essential for website development or any other application developments. There are various models: Stride The Stride is the scheme to classify the threats according to the kind of damage they to the system. The STRIDE is basically: Spoof Identity: Identifying the spoofing is a very serious risk identity technique for the applications. It can help to identify the spoofer so that, no can inherit the attribute of the other users. Tampering with the data: The data of the users can be manipulated or changed according to wishes of the mal practitioner. It should be ensured that the data of the user is not lost or stolen. Repudiation: The dispute in the transactions should be solved by this type of procedure. Information Disclosure: The user are aware of the submitting the details to the company or the organizations. This might lead to wrongful use of their details of the users. The system can prevent this type of mal partition. Denial of Service: There are various kind of services that are inappropriate for the users. The Denial of services unapproved these kind of services. Elevation of Privilege: The accessing privilege are also a very serious issue. The elevation of privileges can control these privilege accesses. Dread This is a scheme that can classify the risk by quantifying and also by setting priority of the amount of the risks. The DREAD is also known as: Risk_DREAD Damage Potential Reproducibility Exploitability Affected Users Discoverability In addition to these are various alternative threat models that are existing are: Trike AS/NZS 4360:2004 Risk Management CVSS OCTAVE Host Intrusion Detection System The host intrusion detection system is the system that can monitor and analyze the internal systems of computer. In addition to this, it also protects the network packets and the network interface of the system. It monitors the dynamic behavior of the computer system. The computers have encountered the tools that, monitor the dynamic processes, in the form of the anti-viruses. The programs also monitor the state of the system as well. They also control the lines that are blurred and the overlapping contents. The HIDs generally, uses the database system and the system objects in it. During the communication procedure, the client exchanges the passphrase fro verification of the identities. The HIDS take great measures in preventing the tampering of the data objects. They adopt the crypto technique for this procedure. The HIDS also allow the administrators the option of storing the data in physical memories. Among the HIDS tools OSSEc is the most important one. Ossec OSSEC is multiple piece tool (Mehta et al. 2015). It consists of a central manager for receiving and monitoring the information from the syslog, agents, databases and devices that are agentless. OSSEC can be installed on the Microsoft Windows platforms as an agent. For, installing these system on Linux, an OSSEC server has to be present in the system. The agentless systems need some integrity check to be performed. IT can be used for scanning the firewall, routers and even the operating system. Input / Output and configuration procedure of the tool: The process contains several steps: Step1: Downloading and Verifying the OSSSEC on the server and on the agent. In this step the user is required to download OSSEC tool and the checksum file along with it. The user is required to log in to the server and update the package database. sudo apt-get update The user is required to install the available updates. sudo apt-get upgrade The user is required to install the packages required and install the following on the server; sudo apt-get install inotify-tools build-essential The following is to be installed on the agent. Sudo apt-get install build essential After this the user is required to download OSSEC and its checksum on both the Droplets. wget -U ossec https://www.ossec.net/files/ossec-hids-2.8.1.tar.gz wget -U ossec https://www.ossec.net/files/ossec-hids-2.8.1-checksum.txt After this the user needs to verify the md5sum of the compressed tarball. md5sum -c ossec-hids-2.8.1-checksum.txt The output would be: ossec-hids-2.8.1.tar.gz: OK md5sum: WARNING: 1 line is improperly formatted These processes should be followed by verifying the SHA1 checksum. Step 2: Install the OSSEC Server In this step the user is required to install the OSSEC server. The following commands should be executed only within one droplet. The user should then start the installation procedure. Sudo./install.sh After this the user needs to select the mode in which the tool is to be installed.What kind of installation do you want (server, agent, local, hybrid or help)? After the successful installation the following output would be produced. - System is Debian (Ubuntu or derivative). - Init script modified to start OSSEC HIDS during boot. - Configuration finished properly. More information can be found at https://www.ossec.net Press ENTER to finish (maybe more information below). --- Then the user is required to press enter. Step 3: Configuring the OSSEC Server The user needs to OSSEC server stings and make sure that it can send alerts to the specified emails. At firs the user needs to move into the root directory. When inside the root directory the user needs to change the directory into the location of the configuration file of the OSSEC. The user needs to make a backup copy of the configuration file. Then the original file is to be opened, and the nano text editor is used to configure the file. Nano ossec.conf The following configuration setting need to be done: global email_notificationyes/email_notification email_tosammy@example.com/email_to smtp_servermail.example.com./smtp_server email_fromsammy@example.com/email_from /global After modifying the settings the user need to save the file and start the OSSEC. Step 4: The installation process The user needs to install the tool. Sudo ./install.sh What is the IP Address of the OSSEC HIDS server?: your_server_ip The user needs to provide the IP address the user had received earlier. For the other settings the user needs to select the default values and press ENTER. Step 5: Add Agent to the Server and Extract its Key. The user is required to start the process of adding the agent, /var/ossec/bin/manage_agents For adding the agents the user would be prompted to specify the name, IP address and an ID for the agent. After entering all the fields the user need to confirm by pressing y. Step 6: Importing the key from the server to the agent. The user needs to import the key from server to the agents. The user needs copy the key from the server to the agent. Step 7: Allow the UDP port 1514 Traffic through the Firewalls Firstly, the user needs to remove the drop rule. Sudo iptables D INPUT j drop For adding the OSSEC server, the OSSEC IP of the agent needs to be entered. Next, all the outbound traffic is required to be allowed. Iptables A OUTPUT j ACCEPT Finally, add the drop rule again to both. Sudo iptables A INPUT j DROP Step 8- Restart OSSEC Agent and Server The user needs to restart the server and activate the agent by typing /var/ossec/bin/ossec-control restart. If the connection is successful an output would be produced. agentUbuntu-111.111.111.111 is active. After successfully completing all the procedures the user would be getting the outputs. The line of the alerts of the agent would look like OSSEC Notification - (agentUbuntu) 111.111.111.111 - Alert level 3 OSSEC have many methods of sending the alerts to the other systems or the applications. The main methods of sending the alerts are, Syslog, email, and sending alerts to any SQL database. The output methods are only alerts and not full data. Honeypot The Honeypot is the security mechanism that would detect or deflect or counter the effects of the effects of unauthorized access. It consists of the data that is generated from the legitimate part of the site. Although the actual function of the tool is monitoring and controlling the processes of the website and preventing the attackers from potentially blocking and disrupting the processes of the website. The process is actually inducing the offender to commit the offence and catch the offender in exchange. These tools prohibits several applications from effecting the websites. These are: Deception Technologies, Malware Honeypots and Spam version of the software. Kippo Kippo honeypot can be defined as a secure shell medium-interaction honeypot which is used to block the shell interaction or brutal attacks created by any attacker (Sochor and Zuzcak 2014). Python 2.5+, Twisted 8.0, PyCrypto or Zope interface is required to run this software (Rivvers and Koedinger 2015). It should be run through dedicated non-route user. Basic kippo configuration includes switching to a dedicated user and then acquiring Kippo. Later essential logging table is created after which setup suitable to the environment is made. After configuring the whole set up accordingly, one can run Kippo with ($./start.sh). It has the option to get more than one password to a user name but it may prove too suspicious to others. It portrays an annoying sticky feature. With this the attacker cannot exit from the shell by simply clicking on exit command. It actually acts like a honeytrap which holds the attacker into a shell which executes and shows meaningless results. Kippo graph is anot her feature which allows a user to see the honeypot in a statistical way. The Kippo graph uses a Libchart PHP. It detects all the attacks done for a given time and generates it statistically. It elevates the usability of Kippo for logging data into a SQL database. The generated graphs are in Python. A single graph is generated twice once in a larger scale and the other in its tenth form. Input / Output and configuration procedure of the tool: For the installation procedure of Kippo the following files would be required. kippo - directory with Kippo source files (python); kippo.tac - configuration file for twistd (twistd is required to run Kippo); start.sh - shell script for starting Kippo; For the configuration process of the tool the configuration file is to be accessed. The configuration file can be found at: https://kippo.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/kippo.cfg.dist. The main configuration file for the tool is to be saved with the name of kippo.cfg. There are three sections in the configuration file: [honeypot] - mandatory section including core honeypot configuration; [database mysql] - optional section including configuration of the MySQL logging module; [database xmpp] - optional section including configuration of the XMPP logging module; In the honeypot section the following parameters are to be defined. ssh addr - IP address on which Kippo listens for new connections (default is 0.0.0.0 that means any address IP); ssh port - TCP port on which Kippo listens for new connections (default is 2222); hostname - hostname displayed by shell prompt; log path - directory for saving log files download path - directory for saving files downloaded by the emulated wget command; download limit size - maximum size of downloaded file filesystem file - path to the file containing emulated filesystem contents path txtcmds path data path public key private key out addr - IP address used by emulated wget for opening outgoing connections sensor name fake addr banner file interact enabled interact port In the database_mysql section the following configurations are to be done. host - name of the server running database database - database name username - name of the database user password - password of the database user port - port on which the database listens for new connections; In the database _xmpp section the following fields are to be configured: server - name of the XMPP server user - name of the XMPP user password - password of the XMPP user muc - name of the MUC service signal createsession signal connectionlost signal loginfailed signal loginsucceeded signal_command signal_clientversion debug - flag (true or false) In addition to this some option for the twistd are also to be set: Option -1: default is log/kippo.log Option pidfile: default is kippo.pid The tool also requires some additional configuration data: userdb.txt - text file containing in each row a trio login:uid:password last.log - text file containing information about last logins to the system emulated by Kippo After the completion of the configuration procedure the start-up procedure is implemented: The start.sh file has to execute for starting the process. The output characteristics of the Kippo: establishment of TCP connection: -source IP address: L, B, X; source TCP port: L, X; target IP address: L, X; target TCP port: L, X; time of establishment of TCP connection: L, B; Termination of TCP connection/SSH session: reason of termination of TCP connection/SSH session: L; time of termination of TCP connection/SSH session: L, B*, X*; in the case of termination of SSH session: content of the file with SSH session history: B*; Receiving of the information about the version of the SSH client: client version: L, B*, X*; 8 time of receiving of information about client version: L Establishing the connections that are encrypted- encryption algorithm: L; time of establishment of encrypted connection: L; The authentication attempt of the client: login: L, B, X; password: L, B, X; information if attempt was successful: L, B, X; time of performing the clients authentication attempt: L, B; in the case of successful authentication (i.e. creating SSH session): size of terminal: L, B; name of created file to record SSH session history: L; values of environment variables (e.g. XMODIFIERS, LANG): L; Execution of the shell commands: command name: L, B, X; information if command was recognized by Kippo: L, B, X; time of command execution: L, B; in the case of wget command: URL of downloaded file: L, B; name of the file where downloaded file was saved on the host machine: L, B; time of starting the file download: L, B; time of finishing the file download: L; The data input for the shell command command name: L, B; input data: L, B; time of data input: L, B; The output format: Main Log: timestamp - log entry creation time context - log entry context message - log entry message The main log consists of these three parts. The TCP connections are established in the main log as single entry. context := [kippo.core.honeypot.HoneyPotSSHFactory] message := New connection: IP source:port source (IP dest:port dest) [session: session id], where: IP source: source IP address; port source: source TCP port; IP dest: target IP address; port dest: target TCP port; session id: number uniquely identifying TCP connection/SSH session in the main log (session identifier); 10 The output that is generated by this connection: 20130108 14:18:25+0100 [kippo.core.honeypot.HoneyPotSSHFactory] New connection: 192.168.122.1:35533 (192.168.122.82:2222) [session: 0] Information log bout the encrypted process: 20130108 14:18:26+0100 [HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] kex alg, key alg: diffiehellmangroup1sha1 sshrsa 20130108 14:18:26+0100 [HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] outgoing: aes128ctr hmacmd5 none 20130108 14:18:26+0100 [HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] incoming : aes128ctr hmacmd5 none 20130108 14:18:26+0100 [HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] NEW KEYS 20130108 14:18:26+0100 [HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] starting service sshuserauth The authentication attempt of the client. 20130108 14:33:27+0100 [SSHService sshuserauth on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] login attempt [root/123456] succeeded 20130108 14:33:27+0100 [SSHService sshuserauth on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] root authenticated with keyboard interactive 20130108 14:33:27+0100 [SSHService sshuserauth on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] starting service sshconnection 20130108 14:33:27+0100 [SSHService sshconnection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] got channel session request 20130108 14:33:27+0100 [SSHChannel session (0) on SSHService ssh connection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] channel open 20130108 14:33:27+0100 [SSHService sshconnection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] got global nomore sessions@openssh.com request 20130108 14:33:27+0100 [SSHChannel session (0) on SSHService ssh connection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] pty request: xterm (33, 129, 0, 0) 20130108 14:33:27+0100 [SSHChannel session (0) on SSHService ssh connection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] Terminal size: 33 129 20130108 14:33:27+0100 [SSHChannel session (0) on SSHService ssh connection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] request env: x00 x00x00nXMODIFIERSx00x00x00x08@im=none 20130108 14:33:27+0100 [SSHChannel session (0) on SSHService ssh connection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] request env: x00 x00x00x04LANGx00x00x00npl PL.utf8 20130108 14:33:27+0100 [SSHChannel session (0) on SSHService ssh connection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] getting shell 20130108 14:33:27+0100 [SSHChannel session (0) on SSHService ssh connection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] Opening TTY log: /var/log/kippo/log/tty/201301081433279152.log 20130108 14:33:33+0100 [SSHChannel session (0) on SSHService ssh connection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] /etc/motd resolved into /etc/motd Execution of the Shell command: 20130108 14:51:47+0100 [SSHChannel session (0) on SSHService ssh connection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] CMD: wget www. dna.caltech.edu/Papers/DNAorigaminature.pdf 20130108 14:51:47+0100 [SSHChannel session (0) on SSHService ssh connection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] Command found: wget www.dna.caltech.edu/Papers/DNAorigaminature.pdf 20130108 14:51:47+0100 [SSHChannel session (0) on SSHService ssh connection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] Starting factory HTTPProgressDownloader: https://www.dna.caltech.edu/Papers/ DNAorigaminature.pdf 20130108 14:51:50+0100 [HTTPPageDownloader,client] Updating realfile to /var/log/kippo/dl/20130108145147 http www dna caltech edu Papers DNAorigami nature pdf 20130108 14:51:50+0100 [HTTPPageDownloader,client] Stopping factory Inputting data 20130108 14:51:47+0100 [SSHChannel session (0) on SSHService ssh connection on HoneyPotTransport,0,192.168.122.1] INPUT (passwd): pp Establishment of the connection: insert into sensors (id, ip) values (3, kippo hp); insert into sessions (id, starttime, endtime, sensor, ip, termsize, client) values (e28678b4599511e2bab10800277e980c, 20130108 13:18:26, NULL, 3, 192.168.122.1, NULL, NULL); Termination of the TCP connection update sessions set endtime = 20130108 14:03:22 where id = e28678b4599511e2bab10800277e980c; insert into ttylog (id, session, ttylog) values (4, e28678b4599511e2bab10800277e980c, BLOB); The XMPP: The TCP connection information: message from=kippo-events-createsession@conference.localhost/kippo -XDJQcVxo type=groupchat to=kkoltys@localhost/localhost body kippo xmlns=https://code.google.com/p/kippo/ type=createsession session locaLhost=127.0.0.1 session=136371692 cdb4d91b3eec6ff04618232 locaLport=2222 remote_port=35533 remote_host=192.168.122.1/ /kippo /body /message message from=kippo-events-connectionlost@conference.localhost/ kippo-XDJQcVxo type=groupchat to=kkoltys@localhost/ localhost body kippo xmlns=https://code.google.com/p/kippo/ type=connectionlost session session=136371692cdb4d91b3eec6ff04618232/ /kippo /body /message message from=kippo-events-clientversion@conference.localhost/kippo -XDJQcVxo type=groupchat to=kkoltys@localhost/localhost body kippo xmlns=https://code.google.com/p/kippo/ type=clientversion version session=136371692cdb4d91b3eec6ff04618232 version=SSH - 2.0-OpenSSH_5.3/ /kippo /body /message message from=kippo-events-loginfailed@conference.localhost/kippo- XDJQcVxo type=groupchat to=kkoltys@localhost/localhost body kippo xmlns=https://code.google.com/p/kippo/ type=loginfailed credentials session=136371692cdb4d91b3eec6ff04618232 password =123 username=root/ /kippo /body /message message from=kippo-events-loginsucceded@conference.localhost/kippo -XDJQcVxo type=groupchat to=kkoltys@localhost/localhost body kippo xmlns=https://code.google.com/p/kippo/ type=loginsucceeded credentials session=136371692cdb4d91b3eec6ff04618232 password =123456 username=root/ /kippo /body /message message from=kippo-events-command@conference.localhost/kippo- XDJQcVxo type=groupchat to=kkoltys@localhost/localhost body kippo xmlns=https://code.google.com/p/kippo/ type=command command session=136371692cdb4d91b3eec6ff04618232 command= known pwd/command /kippo /body /message Conclusion For conclusion it can be said that, there are various types of security tools, which are open source. So, it can be brought for free and free services can obtained from these tools. The report consists of a brief analysis about various kind of security tools. Each tool has some different feature and are efficient in their own way. Hence, different tools must be used for different functions in different situations. Although, most the tool are suitable for almost all type of jobs and in all type of open source platforms. References Arambatzis, T., Lazaridis, I. and Pouros, S., 2016, May. Modern Windows Server Operating Systems Vulnerabilities. In The Third International Conference on Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Social Media (CSCESM2016) (p. 29). Arney, C.A. and Wang, X., 2016, September. Active Snort Rules and the Needs for Computing Resources: Computing Resources Needed to Activate Different Numbers of Snort Rules. In Proceedings of the 5th Annual Conference on Research in Information Technology (pp. 54-54). ACM. Bacs, A., Giuffrida, C., Grill, B. and Bos, H., 2016, April. Slick: an intrusion detection system for virtualized storage devices. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (pp. 2033-2040). ACM. Blas, G., Javier, F., Wyrzykowski, R., Jeannot, E. and Carretero Prez, J., 2015. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Sustainable Ultrascale Computing Systems (NESUS 2015) Krakow, Poland. Blas, G., Javier, F., Wyrzykowski, R., Jeannot, E. and Carretero Prez, J., 2015. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Sustainable Ultrascale Computing Systems (NESUS 2015) Krakow, Poland. Choug, J., Kayal, E.S., Ben-Nissanh, B. and Oktari, F.N., 2015. Nano-Bioceramic Synthesis from Tropical Sea Snail Shells (Tiger Cowrie-Cypraea Tigris) with Simple Chemical Treatment. methods, 23, p.24. Di Rita, M., Nascetti, A. and Crespi, M., 2017. Open source tool for DSMs generation from high resolution optical satellite imagery: development and testing of an OSSIM plug-in. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(7), pp.1788-1808. Holczer, T., Flegyhzi, M. and Buttyn, L., 2015. The design and implementation of a PLC honeypot for detecting cyber attacks against industrial control systems. Keller, N., 2015. Cybersecurity Framework-Industry Resources. Liao, H.J., Lin, C.H.R., Lin, Y.C. and Tung, K.Y., 2013. Intrusion detection system: A comprehensive review. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 36(1), pp.16-24. Lin, H., Slagell, A., Kalbarczyk, Z. and Iyer, R.K., 2014, September. Semantic security analysis of scada networks to detect malicious control commands in power grids (poster). In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks (p. 492). ACM. Mehta, V., Bahadur, P., Kapoor, M., Singh, P. and Rajpoot, S., 2015, February. Threat prediction using honeypot and machine learning. In Futuristic Trends on Computational Analysis and Knowledge Management (ABLAZE), 2015 International Conference on (pp. 278-282). IEEE. OLeary, M., 2015. IIS and ModSecurity. In Cyber Operations (pp. 457-483). Apress. Razzaq, A., Hur, A., Shahbaz, S., Masood, M. and Ahmad, H.F., 2013, March. Critical analysis on web application firewall solutions. In Autonomous Decentralized Systems (ISADS), 2013 IEEE Eleventh International Symposium on (pp. 1-6). IEEE. Rivers, K. and Koedinger, K.R., 2015. Data-driven hint generation in vast solution spaces: a self-improving python programming tutor. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp.1-28. Rizal, M., 2015, July. RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PENCEGAHAN PENYUSUPAN PADA JARINGAN KOMPUTER BERBASIS CYBEROAM. In Seminar Nasional Informatika (SEMNASIF) (Vol. 1, No. 3). Sochor, T. and Zuzcak, M., 2014, June. Study of internet threats and attack methods using honeypots and honeynets. In International Conference on Computer Networks (pp. 118-127). Springer International Publishing. Wang, W. and Lu, Z., 2013. Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges. Computer Networks, 57(5), pp.1344-1371. Xu, Z., Malmer, D., Langille, M.G., Way, S.F. and Knight, R., 2014. Which is more important for classifying microbial communities: who's there or what they can do?. The ISME journal, 8(12), p.2357.

The light in my Darkness Essay Example

The light in my Darkness Paper Assignment Compare the two passages. Comment on layout, subject and style of writing and language. Both pieces of writing are about being a hostage, one to the sea and the other to men. The first article is for the newspaper The Independent, its a broadsheet which is published daily, and its considered to be a conservative newspaper. The other article is for Readers Digest a weekly magazine aimed for intellectuals, it can only be bought by subscription. Since they are different, they are adapted to accommodate the different preferences of their readers.To compare the two pieces I will separate the three tasks into different paragraphs. In the subject you can find some similarities such as both were kept against their will in some place. Both are true stories of extreme survival. Bullimore the survivor in The Independent is able to withhold on his boat for four days the 60 ft waves of the Pacific Ocean. Waite the survivor in The Readers Digest stays captive 1,763 in a cell. The mental and physical conditions of both survivors are transmitted by the different types of language and style of writing.The styles of writing and language of these two pieces of journalism are very different, mainly because they have different readers. We will write a custom essay sample on The light in my Darkness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The light in my Darkness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The light in my Darkness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first article written as a heroic piece of journalism, it glorifies the survival of Tony Bullimore. This is achieved by the writer using words that transmit tension to the reader. he described the horrific conditions that he had endured. Faced with danger The second article is a breath-taking experience happening to someone then writing his feelings, emotions and the actual experience.The style of writing is linked to the media in which its published. The tone, initial ideas, writing styles, structure contributes to give out big contrasts between the two Medias. The first article has a big picture of the rescue, with huge waves; the picture is near the centre of the page, making it a noticeable picture. The second article doesnt have any illustration of any kind but using long and descriptive sentences he can produce a better replica of how really conditions were like.Description like total darkness, metal sheet covers the window, thin foam mattress my candle splutters creates the atmosphere of the prisoners cell. The titles and sub-headings are also different, the first the title is Thank God-its a miracle shows how the article portrays the ordeal as a miraculous escape. The attitude of the piece is that of a sensatationalist reporting. The sub-headings follow the same style and they all start with The which suggests how big this rescue is, its not just a rescue its The Rescue.On the other hand The light in my Darkness, the title of the second article tells how different the two are. There is an imagery in the title, its an antithesis, this shows that the readers of that media should be a bit more developed intellectually. The broadsheet uses a persuasive, survival and heroic language; by this I mean that during the whole article its always glorifying Bullimore. This language is a constant build-up of Bullimores ordeal.To make the article more reliable and believable the reporter uses the opinions of clinical specialists like Dr Howard Oakley of the institute of Naval Medicine, the author uses quotes of these specialists to make it more believable. As I have said before the article only glorifies him isnt true, there is a human side of the story and a side of some luck and not just professionalism. Using Bullimore s own words makes the article even more real, it creates the human side of the story. The second article uses a more emotional and descriptive type of language, the author of the second article wants to show his suffering.He is always describing his state of mind and his environment. I have been interrogated, beaten and endured a mock execution shows just how much he suffers. Some readers may find repulsive the constant glorification of the hostage. The tense also plays a role in the way the articles make there points. In the first article it uses the past tense I had to find myself a spot as high as possible , I took a few deep breaths, I started shouting, all this add to the feeling that its happened but thank god its over.This is nothing like the second article because the second article uses the present tense I cant see, I am being held, I climbed under a blanket all this creates an unavoidable atmosphere of fear and trauma. It makes the reader aware that he probably is still passing the horrendous experience. To finish off the layout is another very important aspect that we must comment on, at a first glance the differences are evident, the titles, sub-titles, images all that the first has but the second only has a significant title.The article in The Independent has the typical layout of that of a broadsheet article. Many paragraphs and columns all are used to make the article more reader friendly and more eye-catching. These things must be used in a broadsheet so that its successful. The other article uses only a large title and a sub-title underneath it then just consists of paragraphs and prose no quotes or images like the first article. It has nothing that is eye-catching for the reader. This means that even without the eye-catching factors it is still read.